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Big History and Dialogue
of Civilizations

Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

What is
Big History?

  • The story of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present.
  • How much time does it cover? A time span of 13.8 billion years.
  • The modern, scientific origin story, based on the best evidence that scientists and historians have compiled to date.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

The Big Bang

  • Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  • 13.8 billion years ago, suddenly, from a single point, all the energy in the Universe burst forth.
  • Since then, the Universe has been expanding.
  • And as it gets bigger it cools down.
  • Gradually energy cooled enough to become matter.
  • One electron could stay in orbit around one proton to become an atom of hydrogen.
  • Great clouds of hydrogen atoms swirled around space.
  • Then gravity pulled some atoms so close together that they began to burn as stars.
  • Stars swirled together in giant clusters called galaxies.
  • Today, the number of galaxies is in the billions.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

The Stars

  • The explosion generated so much heat that some atoms
  • The explosion generated so much heat that some atoms fused and got more and more complex, forming many different elements, including gold and silver.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Sun and Planets

  • One giant star, our mother star, exploded and scattered clouds of gas containing all the elements needed to form living beings.
  • One giant star, our mother star, exploded and scattered clouds of gas containing all the elements needed to form living beings. About 5 billion years ago gravity pulled these atoms into a new star, creating the Sun.
  • The leftover pieces of matter stuck to each other and formed eight planets, which revolve around the sun.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Earth

  • The third planet out, Earth, became our home. It was the perfect size — not too big, not too small — and the perfect distance from the Sun, not too far or too close.
  • A thin crust formed over Earth’s hot interior, and the temperature was just right for water to form on parts of the surface.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

The First Living Creatures on Earth

  • Gradually the chemicals in the water formed inside of membranes and got more complex until single-cell living organisms appeared, able to maintain themselves and reproduce.
  • For 3 billion years these one-celled creatures reproduced almost exactly, but not quite. They gradually changed in response to their environment.
  • But they also changed their environment.
  • They learned to burn energy from the sun.
  • And they released oxygen into the atmosphere.
  • The oxygen formed an ozone layer around Earth that protected life from the Sun’s rays.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

The Beginning of Many Cells Creatures on Earth

  • Eventually cells stuck together to form creatures with many cells.
  • Plants and animals came out of the sea and onto land.
  • They became more and more complex and aware.
  • Then about 100,000 years ago human beings came onto the scene. We evolved from a shared ancestor with the species of apes.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Humans

  • Humans could talk in symbols and sing, dance, draw, and cooperate more than the other animals could.
  • Humans learned to write.
  • Importantly, we began to collect our learning together so that it kept expanding.
  • Humans increased in skills and in numbers. In some places, there were too many people and too few big animals.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Development of Humanity

  • Then humans learned to grow their own food and herd their own animals.
  • Some animals learned to cooperate with humans.
  • This gave humans new sources of food and animals helped them do work.
  • This led to people living in larger and larger groups. These groups expanded into cities and empires.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Civilizations

  • As humankind grew it used more and more of the resources of Earth.
  • Humans collaborated and learned collectively in more complex ways; they traveled, traded, and exchanged inventions.
  • They created vast civilizations of astonishing beauty and complexity.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Source of Energy - Coal

  • Humans were always looking for more energy to use.
  • About 200 years ago, we learned to use the energy from coal.
  • We found this hard rock buried underground.
  • Coal actually came from trees that grew more than 300,000 years ago.
  • Coal actually came from trees that grew more than 300,000 years ago.
  • Now we burn coal for heat and electricity.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Source of Energy - Oil

  • Humans also learned to burn oil to create energy.
  • Like coal, oil helped create heat and electricity.
  • It also powered cars and planes. Like coal, we have to dig it up.
  • Oil comes from the remains of tiny animals like algae and plankton buried long ago under the sea and fossilized.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

Environmental Problems - Pollution

  • As we burned these fossil fuels, the gases they released drifted up into the atmosphere.
  • The human need for more and more energy began to change the climate quickly.
Big History and Dialogue of Civilizations

The Way Forward?

  • Now humans are in a difficult situation.
  • Fossil fuels are running out. Yet, our population is growing quickly.
  • We are pushing many plants and other animals into extinction.
  • As a result of all this, we are changing the climate.
  • What are we humans going to do next?

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